{"id":16767,"date":"2019-09-06T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-06T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/novakdjokovicfoundation.org\/prednosti-i-mane-skolskog-sistema-u-kini\/"},"modified":"2023-03-20T16:57:02","modified_gmt":"2023-03-20T16:57:02","slug":"prednosti-i-mane-skolskog-sistema-u-kini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/novakdjokovicfoundation.org\/sr\/prednosti-i-mane-skolskog-sistema-u-kini\/","title":{"rendered":"Prednosti i mane \u0161kolskog sistema u Kini"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ranije smo ve\u0107 pisali o prednostima i manama obrazovnih sistema u Japanu<\/a> i Finskoj<\/a>. Ovog puta smo malo istra\u017eivali o \u0161kolskom sistemu u Kini.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kriva sam za pristrasnost i tvrdoglavost \u0161to se ti\u010de ove teme. Po\u0161to sam \u017eivela u Kini 15 godina<\/strong>, podu\u010davala u kineskom obrazovnom okru\u017eenju, po\u0161to imam \u0107erku koja je provela neko vreme u tom sistemu (pre nego \u0161to se premestila u me\u0111unarodni sistem), meni je lako da pronalazim mane i kritikujem taj sistem. Ali, da bih pru\u017eila uravnote\u017eeniji pogled, morala sam da odstupim od svojih preduverenja i idealisti\u010dkog mi\u0161ljenja<\/strong> o tome \u0161ta bi obrazovanje trebalo da bude, da ne gledam samo na svoja i iskustva i moje \u0107erke, i da gledam na \u0161iru sliku. Tako da se zaista nadam da sam pravedna prema ovom sistemu u ovoj kratkoj analizi karakteristika obrazovanja u Kini.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n

    \u201eGaokao\u201c<\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ono prvo \u0161to bi svako trebalo da zna o sistemu obrazovanja u Kini i stvar koja ga defini\u0161e i odre\u0111uje smer mnogih drugih karakteristika, je definitivno prijemni ispit za fakultet, koji se zove \u201egaokao<\/a>\u201c. Rezultati ovog testa odre\u0111uju ne samo koji univerzitet studenti mogu da upi\u0161u i koje studije mogu da odaberu, nego i njihove budu\u0107e prilike za zapo\u0161ljavanje, platu i bra\u010dne opcije. Pritisak da se dobro uradi ovaj ispit je ogroman<\/strong>, jer u velikoj meri odre\u0111uje ne\u010diju budu\u0107nost. \u010cak i sa odre\u0111enim reformama i pojednostavljenjem testa, koje je vlada skoro sprovela, to je i dalje te\u017eak test, koji traje 2 dana, iz matematije, kineskog, stranog jezika i par drugih odabranih predmeta.<\/p>\n

    Ispit je uveden 1952. godine, ali je u osnovi ostatak starih carskih ispita<\/strong> koji su postojali jo\u0161 od dinastije Tang<\/a>. Iako i dalje postoje mnogi poku\u0161aji hakovanja, varanja ili upisivanja fakulteta zahvaljuju\u0107i \u201eguanxi\u201c (vezama), ispit ostaje ve\u0107inom nekorumpiran.<\/p>\n

    \n

    Mi\u0161ljenja o \u201egaokao\u201c ispitu su veoma podeljena, \u0161to sam saznala od svojih kolega nastavnika i u\u010denika koje sam podu\u010davala.<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Oni koji dolaze iz velikih razvijenih gradova ve\u0107inom veruju da je prete\u017eak i nepotreban<\/strong>, dok ljudi koji dolaze iz siroma\u0161nijih provincija i sela veruju da je to jedina stvar koja im pru\u017ea fer \u0161ansu da pobolj\u0161aju svoje \u017eivote i iza\u0111u iz siroma\u0161tva.<\/p>\n

    Bilo kako bilo, takav je sistem, i celo \u0161kolovanje, od ranog doba pa nadalje, mora da igra kako on svira. Da biste uspeli, morate mnogo da u\u010dite,<\/strong> budete disciplinovani<\/strong>, slu\u0161ate savete nastavnika<\/strong> i da dobijate \u0161to vi\u0161e podr\u0161ke od roditelja<\/strong> i dodatnih \u010dasova<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n

      Radna navika<\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u010cak i uz neke izuzetke, nije pogre\u0161no re\u0107i da kineski \u0111aci vredno u\u010de, ula\u017eu mnogo truda, savesno rade doma\u0107i i zaista im je stalo do u\u010denja<\/strong>. Kineski \u0111aci provode ve\u0107inu svog vremena u\u010de\u0107i, bilo na \u010dasovima (od jutra do popodneva, ili \u010dak i uve\u010de za one koji se spremaju za \u201egaokao\u201c), rade doma\u0107i (jedna od dr\u017eava sa najve\u0107om koli\u010dinom doma\u0107eg na svetu), ili idu na dodatnu nastavu, poput \u010dasova klavira, violine, latinskog, plivanja ili ne\u010deg drugog. Sve ovo po\u010dinje veoma rano, \u010dak u obdani\u0161tu, gde deca \u010desto imaju dodatne \u010dasove baleta ili kung-fua u \u0161koli, i imaju dodatne \u010dasove posle \u0161kole i vikendima.<\/p>\n

      \n

      Deca se vaspitavaju putem pri\u010da i legenda o vrednim i posve\u0107enim ljudima koji im slu\u017ee kao uzori kroz njihovo \u0161kolovanje.<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

      Radna navika se rano usa\u0111uje deci, i iako je to delimi\u010dno zbog nadolaze\u0107eg \u201egaokao\u201c ispita, to je tako\u0111e nasle\u0111e Konfu\u010dijanizma<\/strong>, koje zagovara trud umesto sposobnosti, slu\u017eenje porodici i dru\u0161tvu i da se postane dobar gra\u0111anin (\u0161to se posti\u017ee tako \u0161to se postaje dobar \u0111ak). Tu je tako\u0111e i kompleksnost kineskog pisma<\/strong>, koje zahteva mnogo ve\u017ebe i pam\u0107enja, i potrebno je par godina u\u010denja da bi \u0111ak postao pismen i bio sposoban da adekvatno \u010dita i pi\u0161e.<\/p>\n

      Neke odlike kineskih u\u010denika su za po\u017eeleti na Zapadu, i odra\u017eavaju na\u010din razmi\u0161ljanja u istra\u017eivanju Karol Dvek, i istra\u017eivanju istrajnosti And\u017eele Dakvort, a obe sam pominjala u svojim prethodnim \u010dlancima<\/a>. U\u010diti vredno je vrlina a ne manjak sposobnosti, gre\u0161ke se smatraju delom procesa i u\u010denja, a pritisak od strane roditelja i nastavnika se vidi kao briga a ne dosa\u0111ivanje.<\/p>\n

      \"\"

      Deca u Kini se vaspitavaju putem pri\u010da i legenda o vrednim i posve\u0107enim ljudima koji im slu\u017ee kao uzori kroz njihovo \u0161kolovanje.<\/p><\/div>\n

        \n
      1. \n

        Visoka o\u010dekivanja, stres i uklju\u010denost svakoga<\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Ukoliko pitate bilo kog roditelja, nastavnika ili u\u010denika, svi \u0107e vam re\u0107i da ima previ\u0161e stresa u obrazovanju. Slu\u010dajevi depresije, anksioznosti i \u010dak samoubistava<\/strong> zbog toga su, na\u017ealost, vrlo \u010desti.<\/p>\n

        \n

        Roditelji o\u010dekuju od svoje dece da budu izvrsna, ne prihvataju ni\u0161ta manje od najboljeg, i potrudi\u0107e se da njihova deca dobiju pomo\u0107 i podr\u0161ku (i pritisak) koji su im potrebni da to postignu.<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

        Isto va\u017ei i za bake i deke, koji su \u010desto bitan deo vaspitanja dece, a sa politikom jednog deteta, to je \u010desto 2 bake i 2 deke plus roditelji koji guraju jedno dete ka zvezdama (\u010ditaj \u201egaokao\u201c). Isto va\u017ei i za nastavnike, koji \u0107e ne samo pritiskati u\u010denike, nego i slati poruke i mejlove roditeljima, pozivati ih na sastanke da pitaju o njihovoj deci, ili da nadziru njihov doma\u0107i.<\/p>\n

        Evo primera gorenavedenog. U jednom trenutku sam razmi\u0161jala da upi\u0161em \u0107erku na \u010dasove violine, pa sam po preporuci prijatelja, \u017eelela da vidim jedan \u010das koji je dr\u017eao poznati nastavnik u \u0160angaju. U\u010dionica je bila puna dece od 5 do 9 godina u pratnji roditelja i\/ili baki i deka, koji svu sve postavljali, davali banane i vodu, otvarali kutije sa violinama itd. Kada je \u010das zvani\u010dno po\u010deo, odrasli su i dalje u\u010destvovali \u2013 stajali su pored dece, dr\u017eali sveske sa notama, pomagali im da na\u0161timaju instrumente… Deca su malo ve\u017eala, a \u010das se zavr\u0161io sa uputstvima za roditelje da unaprede svoje ve\u0161tine da bi mogli da poma\u017eu deci da ve\u017ebaju kod ku\u0107e!<\/p>\n

        \n

        Iako je ovo definitivno bio ekstreman slu\u010daj, sasvim je uobi\u010dajeno da \u010dlanovi porodice imaju veoma aktivnu ulogu u obrazovanju svoje dece.<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

        Kada sam pri\u010dala o ovim stvarima sa roditeljima, saznala sam da su preoptere\u0107eni, da ih pritiskaju nastavnici, koje pritiska \u0161kola, da se brinu za svoju decu i \u017eele da je sve lak\u0161e, ALI su svesni konteksta u kojem \u017eive i osim ako imaju finansijskih sredstava da po\u0161alju svoju decu da se obrazuju u inostranstvu, moraju to da prihvate i prate sistem.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \n

          Uzan ali dubok nastavni program i intuitivno znanje<\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Nadaleko je poznato su kineski \u0111aci dobri u matematici<\/strong>. Moja \u0107erka tvrdi da joj je matematika jedino bila jasna i i\u0161la joj dobro kada je bila u kineskoj dr\u017eavnoj \u0161koli. Kada sam je pitala \u201eZa\u0161to?\u201c rekla mi je da je bilo puno ve\u017ebi i ponavljanja dok svako ne razume sve. Nastavnici su ispravljali doma\u0107e i \u010desto analizirali gre\u0161ke. Do dan danas, ona i dalje radi sve matemati\u010dke operacije na kineskom jeziku.<\/p>\n

          Nastavni program u Kini pokriva manje tema, ali idu mnogo dublje i pokrivaju razli\u010dite uglove, guraju\u0107i svakog \u0111aka da ovlada materijalom i pohrani ga u duboku memoriju, kada znanje postaje intuitivno i re\u0161avanje zadataka postaje br\u017ee i lak\u0161e.\u017e<\/p>\n

          \n

          Kineski metod podu\u010davanja matematike<\/strong>, posebno u \u0160angaju, \u010dak dobija i me\u0111unarodnu priznatost, i trenutno postoji masivan program razmene izme\u0111u \u0160angaja i Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

          Sli\u010dno je i za kineski jezik, koje ba\u0161 zahteva ve\u017ebe, pam\u0107enje i ponavljanje. \u0160tavi\u0161e, ve\u0107ina \u010dasova funkcioni\u0161e na sli\u010dan na\u010din: ima mnogo \u010ditanja, pitanja koja zahtevaju razumevanje, sa nastavnikom u sredi\u0161tu, sa izuzetkom \u010dasova prirodnih nauka koji uklju\u010duju eksperimente i projekte.<\/p>\n

          Sa svim svojim \u201emanama<\/strong>\u201c, poput previ\u0161e pam\u0107enja, manjak kreativnosti, poslu\u0161nost, stroga disciplina, malo autonomije u u\u010denju, previ\u0161e doma\u0107eg, pritisak itd., ova vrsta u\u010denja je uspela da podr\u017ei Kinu u njenom razvoju do dana\u0161njeg dana, kada svi svedo\u010dimo usponu i va\u017enoj ulozi Kine u svetu. Da li i kako \u0107e zemlja da se pozabavi aktuelnim brigama roditelja i nau\u010dnika u vezi ve\u0161tina 21. veka, poput kriti\u010dkog razmi\u0161ljanja, timskog rada, kreativnosti, samoupravljanja, itd., ostaje da se vidi.<\/p>\n

          Sistem obrazovanja u svakoj dr\u017eavi je usko povezan sa njenom istorijom, filozofijom, stanovni\u0161tvom, politikom itd., i nije mogu\u0107e razumeti ga bez uzimanja u obzir svih ovih faktora. Tako\u0111e nije mogu\u0107e oceniti jedan sistem lo\u0161im ili dobrim, jer je veoma kompleksan i postoji previ\u0161e perspektiva koje bi se morale uzeti u obzir. Jedina sigurna stvar je da se od svakog sistema obrazovanja mo\u017eemo nau\u010diti par stvari, koji, ukoliko se primene na na\u0161 sistem, mogu biti od koristi na\u0161im \u0111acima i pobolj\u0161ati na\u0161 sistem obrazovanja.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Ranije smo ve\u0107 pisali o prednostima i manama obrazovnih sistema u Japanu i Finskoj. Ovog puta smo malo istra\u017eivali o \u0161kolskom sistemu u Kini.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":12405,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,1122],"tags":[1640,1244,1641],"class_list":["post-16767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-posts","category-rano-ucenje","tag-kina","tag-rano-obrazovanje","tag-skolski-sistem-u-kini"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPrednosti i mane \u0161kolskog sistema u Kini - Novak Djokovic Foundation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/novakdjokovicfoundation.org\/sr\/prednosti-i-mane-skolskog-sistema-u-kini\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sr_RS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prednosti i mane \u0161kolskog sistema u Kini - Novak Djokovic Foundation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ranije smo ve\u0107 pisali o prednostima i manama obrazovnih sistema u Japanu i Finskoj. 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