{"id":16057,"date":"2016-08-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-08-04T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/novakdjokovicfoundation.org\/da-li-je-znanje-dva-jezika-zaista-prednost\/"},"modified":"2016-08-04T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2016-08-04T00:00:00","slug":"da-li-je-znanje-dva-jezika-zaista-prednost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/novakdjokovicfoundation.org\/sr\/da-li-je-znanje-dva-jezika-zaista-prednost\/","title":{"rendered":"Da li je znanje dva jezika zaista prednost?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eGranice mog sveta su granice mog jezika\u201c rekao je poznati filozof Ludvig Vitgen\u0161tajn u svom delu \u201eLogi\u010dko-filozofski traktat\u201c. Tako\u0111e, \u010desto se mo\u017ee \u010duti i stara latinska izreka \u201eKoliko jezika zna\u0161, toliko ljudi vredi\u0161\u201c.<\/strong> <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Drugim re\u010dima, \u0161to je ve\u0107i broj re\u010di sa kojima raspola\u017eemo, to na\u0161e znanje o svetu postaje \u0161ire i dublje, zahvaljuju\u0107i mogu\u0107nosti da upoznajemo razli\u010dite ljude, njihove obi\u010daje i kulture.<\/p>\n

Uticaj bilingvizma na izvr\u0161ne funkcije mozga<\/b><\/h3>\n

Mnogi dana\u0161nji jezi\u010dki stru\u010dnjaci slo\u017eili bi se sa ovakvom tezom. Znanje dva ili vi\u0161e jezika ne samo da nam poma\u017ee u komunikaciji ve\u0107 tako\u0111e mo\u017ee da obezbedi razli\u010dite prednosti de\u010djem mozgu, koji se razvija. Po teoriji, s obzirom na to da bilingvalno dete svakodnevno vr\u0161i prelazak sa jednog jezika na drugi, ono razvija bolju izvr\u0161nu kontrolu, odnosno sposobnost da uspe\u0161no obavlja vi\u0161e kognitivne procese kao \u0161to su re\u0161avanje problema, pam\u0107enje i razmi\u0161ljanje. Takvi mali\u0161ani postaju ve\u0161tiji u eliminisanju distrakcija i fokusiranju na va\u017ene informacije u datom trenutku, dok tako\u0111e br\u017ee i fleksibilnije razmi\u0161ljaju. Ovaj fenomen istra\u017eiva\u010di nazivaju bilingvalna prednost<\/b>.<\/p>\n

\"Copyright:

Copyright: Marlon Lopez MMG1 Design<\/p><\/div>\n

Ispitivanje bilingvalne prednosti<\/b><\/h3>\n

U prvoj polovini dvadesetog veka nau\u010dnici su zapravo mislili da se dvojezi\u010dnost nepovoljno odra\u017eava na koeficijent inteligencije i jezi\u010dki razvoj dece. Ipak, u poslednjih nekoliko godina, pojam bilingvalne prednosti donose istra\u017eivanja koja govore upravo suprotno. Veliki broj njih nastao je kao rezultat dugogodi\u0161njeg rada kanadskog neuropsihologa Elen Bjalistok. U mnogim zadacima, uklju\u010duju\u0107i one koji se ti\u010du radne memorije, ljudi koji govore dva jezika bili su u prednosti. Bjalistok je tvrdila da bilingvalne osobe zaista pokazuju ve\u0107u izvr\u0161nu kontrolu, osobinu koja se izme\u0111u ostalog vezuje za bolja akademska postignu\u0107a. Osim toga, bilingvizam podsti\u010de razvijanje drugih ve\u0161tina kao \u0161to su sposobnost odr\u017eavanja pa\u017enje i multitasking. Posmatrano na taj na\u010din, \u010dini se da postoji vi\u0161e nego dovoljno razloga da zainteresujete svog mali\u0161ana da u\u010di i govori vi\u0161e od jednog jezika.<\/p>\n

Angela de Bruin, vode\u0107i istra\u017eiva\u010d sa Univerziteta u Edinburgu, tako\u0111e se bavila prou\u010davanjem efekata dvojezi\u010dnosti na izvr\u0161ne fukncije. Za testiranje izvr\u0161nih funkcija, ispitanicima se daju zadaci u kojima se od njih o\u010dekuje da ignori\u0161u odre\u0111ene stimuluse dok se selektivno fokusiraju na neke druge. U te svrhe obi\u010dno se koristi Simonov zadatak: ispitanicima se pokazuju slike (obi\u010dno strelice) koje se nalaze bilo na levoj ili desnoj strani ekrana. Ukoliko vide strelice koje pokazuju nadesno, pritisnu\u0107e desni taster. Nije va\u017eno na kojoj strani ekrana se strelice pojavljaju, ono \u0161to je relevantno je smer koji strelica pokazuje. Ljudi obi\u010dno br\u017ee reaguju u slu\u010dajevima kada postoji podudaranje \u00a0\u2013 kada se strelice koje pokazuju nadesno pojavljuju na desnoj strani ekrana i obrnuto. Pretpostavka je da su bilingvalne osobe u prednosti u odnosu na monolingvalne kada do\u0111e do nepodudaranja: strelice koje pokazuju levo na desnoj strani ekrana i suprotno.<\/p>\n

\"Copyright:

Copyright: Oksana Kuzmina<\/p><\/div>\n

Ipak, kada je De Bruin pregledala podatke, u tri od \u010detiri zadatka koji su testirali inhibitornu kontrolu, uklju\u010duju\u0107i Simonov zadatak, nikakva prednost nije bila prisutna. Monolingvali i bilingvali ostvarili su identi\u010dne rezultate.<\/p>\n

Uprkos takvom otkri\u0107u, De Bruin ne pobija tezu da biti bilingvalan ima svojih prednosti. Sa druge strane, takva prednost nije pristuna kod svih niti u svim sferama, kako se \u010desto tvrdilo. Nakon upore\u0111ivanja istra\u017eivanja na temu bilingvizma i izvr\u0161ne kontrole koja su predstavljena na konferencijama izme\u0111u 1999. i 2012. godine, De Bruin je otkrila da je 68% studija koje pokazuju bilingvalnu prednost objavljeno u nau\u010dnim \u010dasopisima, u pore\u0111enju sa svega 29 procenata onih koje su govorile o tome da razlika uop\u0161te ne postoji ili su \u010dak davale prednost monolingvalima. Zato je odlu\u010dila da zajedno sa svojim saradnicima sprovede dodatnu seriju istra\u017eivanja. Njihov cilj bio je da otkriju granice bilingvalne prednosti, kao i kako pravi benefiti dvojezi\u010dnosti zapravo izgledaju. U studiji su u\u010destvovale tri razli\u010dite grupe: ljudi koji govore samo engleski jezik, aktivni englesko-galski bilingvali koji su galski govorili kod ku\u0107e, i pasivni englesko-galski govornici koji trenutno retko koriste galski. Svaka grupa u\u010destvovala je u \u010detiri zadatka \u2013 Simonov zadatak za testiranje pa\u017enje (ispitanici slu\u0161aju razli\u010dite tonove i moraju da odrede broj samo niskih tonova), Londonski toranj (u\u010desnici gledaju u dve slike istovremeno. Svaka slika prikazuje loptice u tri razli\u010dite boje raspore\u0111ene na tri \u0161tapa. Loptice na svakoj slici su raspore\u0111ene na druga\u010diji na\u010din. U\u010desnik mora da odredi koliko puta loptice na jednoj slici moraju da se ispreme\u0161taju kako bi njihov raspored bio identi\u010dan kao na drugoj slici) i jednostavne zadatke \u2013 paradigme preusmeravanja pa\u017enje (ispitanicima se pokazuju krugovi i kvadrati koji su crvene ili plave boje, a zatim moraju da obrate pa\u017enju bilo na jednu boju ili oblik, u zavisnosti od faze zadatka).<\/p>\n

U prva tri zadatka istra\u017eiva\u010di nisu prona\u0161li nikakvu razliku izme\u0111u grupa. Kod poslednjeg, me\u0111utim, pomislili su da su kona\u010dno detektovali prednost: kod zadataka brzog preusmeravanja pa\u017enje sa oblika na boju ili boje na oblik bilingvalne osobe, bilo aktivne ili pasivne, bile su br\u017ee. Ipak, kada su detaljnije prou\u010dili podatke, istra\u017eiva\u010di su otkrili da se ne radi toliko o br\u017eem prebacivanju pa\u017enje sa jednog zadatka na drugi ve\u0107 o sporijem obavljanju zadataka bez zamene, kada oblik prati oblik odnosno boja boju.<\/p>\n

Pravi benefiti dvojezi\u010dnosti evidentni u odraslom dobu<\/b><\/h3>\n

De Bruin\u00a0isti\u010de da ne tvrdi da bilingvalna prednost ne postoji. Ipak, takva prednost se mo\u017eda razlikuje od na\u010dina na koji je mnogi istra\u017eiva\u010di opisuju: kao fenomen koji poma\u017ee deci da razviju sposobnost prebacivanja sa jednog zadatka na drugi i unaprede svoje izvr\u0161ne funkcije. Bruin veruje da prava prednost mo\u017eda dolazi kasnije, u obliku koji ima malo veze sa multitaskingom i izvr\u0161nom kontrolom i koja mo\u017ee da bude rezultat samog u\u010denja.<\/p>\n

\"Copyright:

Copyright: wong sze yuen<\/p><\/div>\n

Jedna od oblasti gde je bilingvalna prednost najkonzistentnija nije vezana za neki odre\u0111eni zadatak ili ve\u0161tinu; to je benefit koji poma\u017ee starim ljudima da o\u010duvaju funkcije svog mozga. Odrasli koji govore nekoliko jezika odupiru se demenciji du\u017ee nego oni koji koriste samo jedan jezik. Kada je Bjalistok prou\u010dila lekarske izve\u0161taje grupe starijih pacijenata koji su upu\u0107eni na kliniku u Torontu zbog problema sa pam\u0107enjem ili drugim kognitivnim pote\u0161ko\u0107ama, otkrila je da, od onih kod kojih je nastupila demencija, dugogodi\u0161nji bilingvali ispoljavaju njene simptome vi\u0161e od \u010detiri godine kasnije od monolingvala. U studiji koja je usledila, ovoga puta sa grupom pacijenata koji su bolovali od Alchajmerove bolesti, ona i njene kolege otkrili su da je bilingvalnim osobama bolest dijagnostikovana 4,3 godine kasnije nego monolingvalnim pojedincima, bez obzira na kognitivni nivo, prethodno obrazovanje i zanimanje. Dvojezi\u010dnost, drugim re\u010dima, spre\u010dava i odla\u017ee slabljenja kognitivnih sposobnosti, \u0161to je efekat koji se posti\u017ee konstantnim u\u010denjem. Kada mozak nastavlja da u\u010di, kao mozak ljudi koji znaju vi\u0161e od jednog jezika, on du\u017ee vremena mo\u017ee da funkcioni\u0161e na visokom nivou.<\/p>\n

To je samo po sebi dovoljan razlog za u\u010denje jednog ili vi\u0161e stranih jezika, kao i da odr\u017eavamo taj proces dokle god smo u mogu\u0107nosti. Bilingvalna prednost mo\u017eda se ne javlja u onom obliku kakvom ga danas istra\u017eiva\u010di zami\u0161ljaju. Ipak, na osnovnom nivou, prave prednosti dvojezi\u010dnosti mogu da budu daleko va\u017enije.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201eGranice mog sveta su granice mog jezika\u201c rekao je poznati filozof Ludvig Vitgen\u0161tajn u svom delu \u201eLogi\u010dko-filozofski traktat\u201c. Tako\u0111e, \u010desto se mo\u017ee \u010duti i stara latinska izreka \u201eKoliko jezika zna\u0161, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":12401,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[1471,1470,1223,1244,1397,1169],"class_list":["post-16057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rani-razvoj","tag-benefiti-dvojezicnosti","tag-bilingvalna-prednost","tag-rani-razvoj","tag-rano-obrazovanje","tag-ucenje","tag-znanje"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDa li je znanje dva jezika zaista prednost? - Novak Djokovic Foundation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/novakdjokovicfoundation.org\/sr\/da-li-je-znanje-dva-jezika-zaista-prednost\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sr_RS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Da li je znanje dva jezika zaista prednost? - Novak Djokovic Foundation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201eGranice mog sveta su granice mog jezika\u201c rekao je poznati filozof Ludvig Vitgen\u0161tajn u svom delu \u201eLogi\u010dko-filozofski traktat\u201c. 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